The effect of electronic cigarette liquids on blood biochemistry during chemically induced liver carcinogenesis in rats

ABSTRACT


Introduction
The majority of young adults and teenagers use E-cigarettes, also referred to as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).E-cigarette liquid (E-liquid) is

Results
Average body, absolute and relative organs weights: Significant differences between administered and non-administered rats in final body weights are shown in Table (1

Discussion
The hematological investigations in this study show when compared to the

Conclusion and recommendations
This study shows that E-liquids affected physiological parameters during the development of liver cancer in rats such as decreased platelet count; it increased ALT, decreased AST, and increased kidney functions.According to this study, using E-liquids to quit smoking should be avoided as it raises the risk of liver carcinogenesis.
The liver is a vital organ that is necessary for the synthesis of proteins, the elimination of toxins, and the preservation of metabolic homeostasis (Cheng et al., 2021).In addition to oxidizing lipids, the liver can package excess lipids for secretion and storage in other tissues, including fat.Finally, the liver is important for handling the metabolic processes of proteins plus amino acids because it can handle most of the proteins discharged into the bloodstream (by their weight or the number of unique proteins they contain), utilize amino acids to produce energy, as well as transport nitrogenous waste in the form of urea metabolism from the breakdown of proteins (Trefts et al.infection, and alcohol abuse are the primary risk variables for the evolution of HCC.However, HCC is also linked to being exposed to The main objective of this study was to assess the e-liquid's inherent toxicity in comparison to nicotine after a brief exposure to a rat model, through the use of an intraperitoneal route.The 28-day course of treatment was chosen to assess the brief impact of e-liquid, and a recommended dosage of nicotine was 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight because it is similar to that of an average human smoker (El Golli et al.store in Giza, Egypt, was the source of the E-liquids of two types, with or without nicotine.All of the E-cigarettes used in the present study were carefully selected without the addition of any flavors. ), while Fig. (1) shows growth curves.The absolute liver, kidney, and testes weights were notably lowered in G3 and G4 than in the -ve control group and DEN-administered G2.The absolute spleen weights were significantly less in G4 compared with -ve control and the DEN-administered G2.The relative weights of the liver in G3 and G4 were considerably lowered in comparison with -ve control and DEN-administered G2.Relative weights of the kidney in G3 and G4 were considerably lowered when compared with DEN-administered G2.Also, the relative Spleen weights were significantly decreased in G4 versus -ve control and DEN-administered G2.In addition, when comparing G3 and G4 to -ve control and DEN-administered G2, the relative testes weights were significantly lowered.Hematological investigations (Complete blood count (CBC)): The changes in WBC numbers were considerably lower in G4 compared to -ve control and DEN-administered G2.No notable alterations in RBC numbers in various groups.The HGB and The levels of HCT were markedly elevated in G4 versus -ve control and DEN-administered G2.Also, the platelet numbers were notably lowered in G3 and G4 compared to the -ve control group and DEN-administered G2. shows that the ALT levels were markedly elevated in G3 and G4 versus -ve control and DENadministered G2.The AST levels were considerably lower in G4 but significantly elevated in G3 versus -ve control and DEN-administered G2.The total bilirubin levels were increased slightly in DEN-administered rats versus -ve controls.The albumin, Globulin, and A/G Ratio levels were notably lowered in G3 versus -ve control and DENadministered G2.No significant changes in the total protein levels in the different groups.

Fig. ( 1 ):
Fig. (1): Rat growth curves for each group over the course of the experiment in weeks

Figure ( 3 )
Figure (3) shows the cholesterol levels were slightly increased and the triglyceride levels were markedly elevated in DEN-administered rats versus -ve controls.The HDL levels in DEN-administered G2 were markedly elevated as compared with -ve controls but notably decreased in G3 and G4 as compared with DEN-administered G2.On the other hand, the LDL levels were significantly lower in DEN-administered rats versus -ve controls but slightly elevated in G3 and G4 as compared with DEN-administered G2.Serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorides) and chlorides levels: Figure (4) shows the sodium levels were markedly elevated G4 versus -ve control and DEN-administered G2.Also, the potassium levels were notably increased in DEN-DEN-administered

Furthermore
rats treated with the extract had significantly higher serum concentrations of potassium, sodium, and urea than the control group did.Conversely, no discernible variations were found in the serum concentrations of chloride, bicarbonate, or creatinine between the groups that received treatment and the control group.Additionally, Zahran et al., (2017) discovered that renal dysfunction brought on by nicotine was distinguished by notably aberrant levels of kidney function indicators, including creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium.When comparing the RBG levels in the nicotine-infused E-liquid to the rats administered with DEN, the current study found a significant increase.

animals (Solt and Farber, 1976); Group 3 received the
time of sacrifice, all rats underwent macroscopic gross examinations.The testes, kidneys, spleen, and liver were quickly removed during necropsy, cleaned in cold saline, and either processed or examined.Following organ necropsy the weights of the organs (organ wt/b.wtx 100) were determined for each rat, obtaining percentage absolute and relative organ weights.Thomas, (1998) were used.The methods of Thefeld et al., (1974) and Rej, (1984) were used to calculate aspartate aminotransferase (AST).Thomas, (1998) method was used to measure urea in serum.Creatinine was measured using the Newman and Price, (1999) method.The Allain et al., (1974) method was used to measure the serum total cholesterol.Based on the method developed by Fossari and Prencipe, (1982), the serum triglycerides were measured.Measuring the serum HDLcholesterol levels was established by the Burstein et al., (1970) and Lopez-Virella et al., (1977) methods.Lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated using Friedwald et al., (1972) method.Sodium was calculated using the method of Berry et al., (1988), Potassium was calculated using the method of Hillmann and Beyer, (1967), and chloride, calcium, and glucose levels were measured using the method of Thomas, (1998).

Table ( 1
): Initial, final body weights, absolute and relative organs weights a: Each reading represents means ± S.D., absolute wts.; b: numbers between brackets are relative organs wt.: (weight ratio of the organ to body) X100; *: Significant compared to G1 at P<0.05, **: Significant compared to G2 at P<0.05

Table ( 3
): Changes in Liver Functions in All the Studied Groups

Table ( 4
): Changes in Kidney Functions in All the Studied Groups